 FIGURE l. Patient stands straight with arms at sides,
facing examiner. Normal findings: symmetry of upper and lower extremities and
trunk. Common abnormalities include enlarged acromioclavicular joint, enlarged
sternoclavicular joint, asymmetric waist (leg-length difference or scoliosis),
swollen knee and swollen ankle. |
 FIGURE 2. Patient looks at the ceiling, looks at the
floor, touches right (and left) ear to shoulder and looks over right (and left)
shoulder. Normal findings: patients should be able to touch chin to chest, ears
to shoulders and look equally over the shoulders. Common abnormalities, which
include loss of flexion, loss of lateral bending and loss of rotation, may
indicate previous neck injury. |
 FIGURE 3. Patient stands in front of examiner with arms
at side. Examiner tries to hold shoulder down while patient tries to shrug.
Common abnormalities include atrophy or weakness of muscles indicating
shoulder, neck or trapezius nerve abnormalities. |
 FIGURE 4. Patient holds arms out from sides
horizontally and tries to lift them (while examiner holds arms down). Normal
findings: strength should be equal in both arms, and deltoid muscles should be
equal in size. Common abnormalities include loss of strength and wasting of the
deltoid muscle. |
 FIGURE 5. Patient holds arms out from sides with elbows
bent at 90 degrees; patient raises hands vertically as far as they will go.
Normal findings: Hands go back equally and at least to upright vertical
position. Common abnormalities: loss of external rotation, which may indicate
shoulder problem or old dislocation. |
 FIGURE 6. Patient holds arms out from sides, palms up,
and completely straightens and bends elbows. Normal findings: motion should be
equal on left and right sides. Common abnormalities, which include loss of
extension and loss of flexion, may indicate old elbow injury, dislocation,
fractures, etc. |
 FIGURE 7. Patient holds arms down at sides with elbows
bent at 90 degrees, then twists palms up and down. Normal findings: palms
should go from facing the ceiling to facing the floor. Common abnormalities,
which include lack of full supination and full pronation, may indicate an old
injury of the forearm, wrist or elbow. |
 FIGURE 8. Patient makes a fist, opens the hand and
spreads the fingers. Normal findings: fist should be tight and fingers straight
when spread. Common abnormalities, which include a knuckle protruding from the
fist and a swollen or crooked finger, may indicate old finger fractures or
sprains. |
 FIGURE 9. Patient squats on heels, duck-walks four
steps and stands up. Normal findings: maneuver is painless, heel-to-buttock
distance is equal on left and right sides and knee flexion is equal during the
walk. Common abnormalities include inability to fully flex one knee and
inability to stand up without twisting or bending to one side. |
 FIGURE 10. Patient stands up straight with arms at
sides (with back to the examiner). Normal findings: symmetry of shoulders,
waist, thighs and calves. Common abnormalities include high shoulder
(scoliosis) or low shoulder (muscle loss), prominent rib cage (scoliosis), high
hip or asymmetric waist (leg-length difference or scoliosis), and small calf or
thigh (weakness from an old injury). |
 FIGURE 11. Patient bends forward slowly with knees
straight and touches the toes. Normal findings: patient bends forward
straightly and smoothly. Common abnormalities include patient twisting to one
side (low back pain) and asymmetric back (scoliosis). |
 FIGURE 12. Patient stands on the heels and then rises
up on the toes. Normal findings: equal elevation on right and left sides,
symmetry of calf muscles. Common abnormalities include wasting of calf muscles
(Achilles injury or old ankle injury). |
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