Migraine Headache

LUIS E. MORILLO, MSC, M.D., Javeriana University Faculty of Medicine, Bogota, Columbia

Question Addressed

• What are the effects of drug treatments for acute migraine headache?

Summary of Interventions Beneficial Salicylates (L-acetylsalicylate alone or in combination with metoclopramide; aspirin combination with acetaminophen and caffeine) Eletriptan Naratriptan Rizatriptan Sumatriptan Zolmitriptan Likely to be beneficial Diclofenac Ibuprofen Naproxen Tolfenamic acid Ergotamine derivatives To be covered in future issues of Clinical Evidence Effects of nondrug treatments for migraine headache Effects of prophylactic treatments for migraine headache

Definition  Migraine is a primary headache disorder manifesting as recurring attacks, usually lasting for four to 72 hours, and involving pain of moderate to severe intensity, often accompanied by nausea, and sometimes vomiting, and/or sensitivity to light, sound, and other sensory stimuli. The 1988 International Headache Society (IHS) criteria (see accompanying table listing the IHS criteria) include separate criteria for migraine with and without aura.¹

Incidence/Prevalence Migraine is common worldwide. Prevalence has been reported to be between 5 and 25 percent in women and 2 and 10 percent in men. Overall, the highest incidence for migraine without aura has been reported between 10 and 11 years of age at 10 per 1,000 person-years. The peak incidence of migraine without aura in boys is between 10 and 11 years of age (10 per 1,000 person-years) and in girls between 14 and 17 years of age (19 per 1,000 person-years). The incidence of migraine with aura peaks in boys around five years of age (seven per 1,000 person-years) and in girls around 12 to 13 years of age (14 per 1,000 person-years).²

Etiology/Risk Factors Data arising from independent representative samples from Canada,^3,4 the United States,^5,6 several countries in Latin America,⁷ several countries in Europe,^8-11 Hong Kong,¹² and Japan¹³ demonstrate a female-to-male predominance and a peak in middle-aged women. Migraine risk has been reported to be 50 percent more likely in people with a family history of migraine.¹⁴

Prognosis Acute migraine is self limited and only rarely results in permanent neurologic complications. Chronic recurrent migraine may cause disability through pain, and may affect daily functioning and quality of life. Female prevalence of migraine with or without aura has a declining trend after 45 to 50 years of age.

Clinical Aims To reduce frequency of migraine, intensity of accompanying symptoms, and duration of headache, with minimal adverse effects.

Clinical Outcomes Headache relief or being pain free at different times after medication. Pain relief at specific post-dose times. In this review, headache relief is reported at two hours unless expressed otherwise. Some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) include the need for rescue medication and headache recurrence as outcome measures.

Evidence-Based Medicine Findings

SEARCH DATE: CLINICAL EVIDENCE UPDATE SEARCH AND APPRAISAL
MAY 2001

Drug Treatments

SALICYLATES

Five RCTs have found that aspirin (900 mg orally, 1,000 to 1,620 mg of oral lysine acetylsalicylate [L-ASA], or intravenous L-ASA) alone or in combination with 10 mg of metoclopramide, increases the proportion of people with headache relief compared with placebo. One RCT found no significant difference between L-ASA and oral sumatriptan. Another RCT found that L-ASA was less effective than subcutaneous sumatriptan in relieving acute migraine pain. One RCT found that a nonprescription combination (acetylsalicylic acid plus acetaminophen plus caffeine) in nondisabling migraine was superior to placebo in relieving acute pain in migraine. Two RCTs found increased headache relief with effervescent aspirin in combination with metoclopramide or alone versus placebo. In one subsequent RCT, aspirin efficacy was not significantly different to an acetaminophen plus codeine combination, although both were superior to placebo in acute migraine pain relief.

DICOFENAC

Three RCTs found that diclofenac versus placebo significantly improved headache relief. One RCT found that more people taking intramuscular diclofenac versus intramuscular acetaminophen had partial relief of migraine symptoms.

IBUPROFEN

Four RCTs found limited evidence that ibuprofen versus placebo improved headache relief.

NAPROXEN

One crossover RCT found limited evidence that naproxen versus placebo reduced headache intensity. Three RCTs comparing naproxen with ergotamine found that naproxen significantly reduced migraine intensity.

TOLFENAMIC ACID

One RCT found limited evidence that tolfenamic acid versus placebo increased the number of people with pain relief, and no difference was found between tolfenamic acid and sumatriptan. One RCT found no significant difference between tolfenamic acid and acetaminophen in migraine symptoms. One crossover RCT found that tolfenamic acid, alone or in combination with metoclopramide or caffeine, versus placebo reduced headache intensity.

ERGOTAMINE DERIVATIVES

One systematic review has found that ergotamine derivatives provide better relief of acute migraine than placebo. One RCT found that ergotamine plus caffeine versus sumatriptan was less effective for headache relief or reducing the need for rescue medication. One RCT of ergotamine versus ergotamine plus metoclopramide found no difference in headache intensity. One systematic review has found worsening of baseline nausea and vomiting with ergotamine compared with placebo.

ELETRIPTAN

One systematic review and one subsequent RCT have found that eletriptan versus placebo increases headache relief. The subsequent RCT found that eletriptan versus sumatriptan significantly increased headache relief.

NARATRIPTAN

Three RCTs have found that naratriptan versus placebo increases headache relief at four hours. One RCT comparing naratriptan with sumatriptan found no significant difference in headache recurrence.

RIZATRIPTAN

One systematic review has found that rizatriptan versus placebo significantly improves headache relief. Two RCTs found no significant difference between rizatriptan and sumatriptan.

SUMATRIPTAN

One systematic review has found that subcutaneous, oral, or intranasal sumatriptan versus placebo increases headache relief.

ZOLMITRIPTAN

Large RCTs have found that oral zolmitriptan versus placebo increases headache relief and is as effective as sumatriptan for the treatment of acute pain in migraine.

Adapted with permission from Morillo LE. Migraine headache. Clin Evid 2001;6:980-1005.

International Headache Society Criteria (1988) Migraine without aura (common migraine) It is defined as five or more headache attacks lasting for four to 72 hours with accompanying symptoms of nausea/vomiting and/or phonophobia and photophobia. Pain should comply with at least two of the following characteristics: (1) unilateral; (2) throbbing; (3) moderate to severe intensity; and (4) increases with physical activity. Migraine with aura (classic migraine) Two or more headache attacks are required that comply with three of the following characteristics: (1) one or more fully reversible aura symptoms indicating focal cerebral cortical or brainstem dysfunction; (2) at least one aura symptom developing gradually over more than four minutes, or two or more symptoms occurring in succession; (3) no aura symptom should last more than one hour; and (4) headache follows aura with a pain free interval of less than 60 minutes. In migraine with and without aura, secondary causes of headache should be excluded; if any structural damage is found, it should not explain headache characteristics. Less stringent criteria for migraine without aura can be used. In clinical practice, the so-called borderline migraine can be diagnosed when one of the above criteria is not met. NOTE: These criteria were not developed with the intention of identifying potential responders to different medications.

REFERENCES

1. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and face pain. Cephalalgia 1988;8:12-96.
2. Stewart W, Linet M, Celentano D, Van Natta M, Ziegler D. Age and sex specific incidence rates of migraine with and without visual aura. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:1111-20.
3. OBrien B, Goerre R, Streiner D. Prevalence of migraine headache in Canada: a population based survey. Int J Epidemiol 1994;23: 1020-6.
4. Pryse-Phillips W, Findlay H, Tugwell P, Edmeads J. A Canadian population survey on the clinical, epidemiological and societal impact of migraine and tension type headache. Can J Neurol Sci 1992; 19:333-9.
5. Stewart W, Lipton R, Celentano D, Reed M. Prevalence of migraine headache in the United States. JAMA 1992;267:64-9.
6. Kryst S, Scherl E. A population based survey of social and personal impact of headache. Headache 1994;34:344-50.
7. Morillo L, Sanin L, Takeuchi Y, et al. Headache in Latin America: a multination population-based survey. Neurology 2001;56(suppl 3):A454.
8. Bank J, Marton S. Hungarian migraine epidemiology. Headache 2000;40:164-9.
9. Henry P, Michel P, Brochet B, Dartigues J. A nationwide survey of migraine in France: prevalence and clinical features. Cephalalgia 1992;12:229-37.
10. Rasmussen B, Jensen R, Schroll, Olesen J. Epidemiology of headache in a general population: a prevalence study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;44:1147-57.
11. Steiner T, Stewart W, Kolodner K, Liberman J, Lipton R. Epidemiology of migraine in England. Cephalalgia 1999;19:305.
12. Cheung RT. Prevalence of migraine, tension type headache and other headaches in Hong Kong. Headache 2000;40:473-9.
13. Sakai F, Igarashi H. Prevalence of migraine in Japan: a nationwide survey. Cephalalgia 1997;17:15-22.
14. Stewart W, Staffa J, Lipton R, Ottmann R. Familial risk of migraine: a population based study. Ann Neurol 1997;41:166-72.

This is one in a series of chapters excerpted from Clinical Evidence, published by the BMJ Publishing Group, Tavistock Square, London, United Kingdom. Clinical Evidence is published in print twice a year and is updated monthly online. The complete text for this topic, as well as additional information, is available to subscribers at www.clinicalevidence.com. This series is part of AFP's CME. See "Clinical Quiz" on page 1733.