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References

Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and the Role of Insulin

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Fact Sheet. Atlanta, Ga: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2005.
  2. Boyle JP, Honeycutt AA, Narayan KM, Hoerger TJ, Geiss LS, Chen H, et al. Projection of diabetes burden through 2050: impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the US. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1936-40.
  3. DeWitt DE, Hirsch IB. Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review. JAMA 2003;289:2254-64.
  4. Green J, Feinglos M. Update on type 2 diabetes mellitus: understanding changes in the diabetes treatment paradigm. Int J Clin Pract 2007;61(suppl 154):3-11.
  5. Spellman CW. Islet cell dysfunction in progression to diabetes mellitus. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2007;107(suppl 3):S1-5.
  6. American Diabetes Association. Direct and indirect costs of diabetes in the United States. http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-statistics/cost-of-diabetes-in-us.jsp. Accessed July 2, 2009.
  7. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
  8. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287:356-9.
  9. Gerstein HC. Point: if it is important to prevent type 2 diabetes, it is important to consider all proven therapies within a comprehensive approach. Diabetes Care 2007;30:432-8.
  10. American Diabetes Association/National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The prevention of delay or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26(suppl):S62-9.
  11. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. New Engl J Med 2001;344:1343-50.
  12. Williams DE, Knowler WC, Smith CJ, Hanson RL, Roumain J, Saremi A, et al. The effect of Indian or Anglo dietary preference on the incidence of diabetes in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 2001;24:811-6.
  13. O’Dea K. The price of 'progress'? Diabetes in indigenous Australians. Diabetes Voice 2005;50:28-30.
  14. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403.
  15. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laasko M. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:2072-7.
  16. The DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368:1096-105.
  17. Clark NG. Defending ADA’s A1C target. DOC News 2005;2:3.
  18. IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Global guideline for Type 2 diabetes. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2005.
  19. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2008. Diabetes Care 2008;31:S12-54.
  20. American Academy of Family Physicians Diabetes Policy Team. The benefits and risks of controlling blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Kansas City, Mo: American Academy of Family Physicians; 1999. Reaffirmed 2005.
  21. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Heine RJ, Holman RR, Sherwin R, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm from the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1963-72.
  22. ACE/AACE Diabetes Road Map Task Force. Road maps to achieve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract 2007;13:260-8.
  23. US Food and Drug Administration. Rosiglitazone full prescribing information. http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2007/021071s031lbl.pdf. Accessed March 27, 2008.
  24. Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE. Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 2007;298:1180-8.
  25. MedifocusHealth. Treatment options for diabetes. http://www.medifocushealth.com/ND012/Treatment-Options-for-Diabetes_Treatment-of-Type-2-Diabetes.php. Accessed October 4, 2007.
  26. Kuritzky L. Addition of basal insulin to oral antidiabetic agents: a goal-directed approach to type 2 diabetes therapy. MedGenMed 2006;8:34.
  27. Jones MC. Therapies for diabetes: pramlintide and exenatide. Am Fam Physician 2007;75:1831-5.
  28. Nathan DM. Initial management of glycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1342-9.
  29. Funnell MM, Kruger DF, Spencer M. Self-management support for insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2004;30:274-80.
  30. Edelman S, Dailey G, Flood T, Kuritzky L, Renda S. A practical approach for implementation of a basal-prandial insulin therapy regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes. Osteopath Med Prim Care 2007;1:9.
  31. Herbst KL, Hirsch IB. Insulin strategies for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes 2002;20:11-7.
  32. McMahon GT, Dluhy RG. Intention to treat--initiating insulin and the 4-T study. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1759-61.
  33. Goldman-Levine JD. Insulin detemir (levemir) for diabetes mellitus. Am Fam Physician 2006;74:323-4.
  34. Li Y, Xu W, Liao Z, Yao B, Chen X, Huang Z, et al. Induction of long-term glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients is associated with improvement of β-cell function. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2597-602.
  35. Pawaskar MD, Camacho FT, Anderson RT, Cobden D, Joshi AV, Balkrishnan R. Health care costs and medication adherence associated with initiation of insulin pen therapy in Medicaid-enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective database analysis. Clin Ther 2007;29:1294-305.
  36. Mayfield J, Havas S, for the AAFP Panel on Self-monitoring of blood glucose. Self-control: a physician’s guide to blood glucose monitoring in the management of diabetes. Leawood, Ks: American Academy of Family Physicians; 2004.
  37. Meier JL, Swislocki AL, Lopez JR, Noth RH, Bartlebaugh P, Siegel D. Reduction in self-monitoring of blood glucose in persons with type 2 diabetes results in cost savings and no change in glycemic control. Am J Manag Care 2002;8:557-65.
  38. Peel E, Douglas M, Lawton J. Self monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes: longitudinal qualitative study of patients’ perspectives. BMJ 2007;335:493.
  1. Jones MC. Therapies for diabetes: pramlintide and exenatide. Am Fam Physician 2007;75:1831-5.
  2. American Diabetes Association. Other diabetes medications. http://www.diabetes.org/type-2-diabetes/oral-medications.jsp. Accessed October 2, 2007.
  3. MedifocusHealth. Treatment options for diabetes. http://www.medifocushealth.com/ND012/Treatment-Options-for-Diabetes_Treatment-of-Type-2-Diabetes.php. Accessed October 4, 2007.
  4. Drug Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, Mo: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.; 2008.
  5. DeWitt DE, Hirsch IB. Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review. JAMA 2003;289:2254-64.
  6. Kanakis SJ, Watts C, Leichter SB. The business of insulin pumps in diabetes care: clinical and economic considerations. Clin Diabetes 2002;20:214-6.

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