Medical causes
Nonprescription drugs
	Caffeine
	“Diet pills” (e.g., those including pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine)
	Nicotine
Prescription drugs
	Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
	Theophylline
	Albuterol (Ventolin)
	Quinidine (Cardioquin)
	Pemoline (Cylert)
	Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
	Pseudoephedrine (Novafed)
	Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
	Phenylpropanolamine (Entex)
	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Medical conditions
	Primary sleep disorders (sleep apnea, periodic limb movement disorder, nocturnal myoclonus, restless legs syndrome)
	Pain from any source or cause
	Drug or alcohol intoxication or withdrawal
	Thyrotoxicosis
	Dyspnea from any cause
Psychologic causes
Depression
Anxiety
Life stressors
Bedtime worrying
Conditioning (associating the bed with wakefulness)
Mania or hypomania
Environmental causes
Bedroom too hot or too cold
Noise
Eating, exercise, caffeine or alcohol use before bedtime
Jet lag
Shift work
Daytime napping