Type of problem	Most common causative factors	Treatment*
Infection
Pyelonephritis	Coliform organisms	Quinolones; aminoglycosides plus ampicillin (Principen); third-generation cephalosporins; piperacillin (Pipracil)
Cystitis	Coliform organisms	Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), quinolones, cephalosporins, nitrofurantoin (Furadantin), amoxicillin (Amoxil)
Urethritis	Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis	Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) plus doxycycline (Vibramycin); macrolides; quinolones
Prostatitis	Coliform organisms	Quinolones, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Epididymoorchitis	Coliform organisms, viruses (e.g., mumps virus)	Quinolones, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Meatitis and urethritis	Herpes simplex virus II	Acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), valacyclovir (Valtrex)
Obstruction
Benign prostatic hyperplasia	Age and androgens	Alpha blockers, finasteride (Proscar), hyperthermia therapy, surgery
Urethral stricture	Previous surgery	Dilation, surgery
Malignancy
Renal cell tumor	Unknown	Surgery, chemotherapy
Bladder cancer	Smoking, aniline dye exposure	Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
Stone disease	Metabolic disorders, infection	Hydration, pain management, antibiotics (if infection is present), correction of metabolic defects (e.g., allopurinol [Zyloprim] for hyperuricemia)
Spondyloarthropathy
Behçet's syndrome	Unknown	Anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants
Reiter's syndrome	Unknown	Anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants
Toxicity or drug side effects	Dopamine, cantharidin and others	Avoidance