Study		Vitamin E	Vitamin C	β -Carotene
Scottish Heart
	Health Study17
	Men	+	+	+
	Women	0	0	0
NHANES18		×	+	×
Nurses Health Study (females)19		+	0	0
Health Professionals Study (males)20		+	0	+ (smokers only)
EPESE21		+	+	×