Major positive CHD risk factors

Age: male ≥45 years; female 55 years or with premature menopause without estrogen replacement therapy

Family history of early CHD (male < 55 years or female < 65 years)

Tobacco use: current smoking or smoking within the preceding five years (probably also chewing tobacco or snuff)

Diabetes mellitus

Hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or receiving antihypertensive therapy)

Elevated LDL level (>130 mg per dL [>3.35 mmol per L])

Low HDL level (< 35 mg per dL [< 0.90 mmol per L])

Major negative CHD risk factors

High HDL level (≥60 mg per dL [ ≥1.55 mmol per L])

Other positive CHD risk factors*

Elevated apolipoprotein B (core of LDL) level

Low apolipoprotein A-1 (core of HDL) level

Elevated Lp(a) level

Elevated homocysteine and/or low folate levels

Obesity

Sedentary lifestyle

Coronary-prone (type A) personality/behavior, especially hostility component

Lack of supportive primary relationship