Findings	Murmur	S1	S2	Other findings	Maneuvers
Aortic stenosis	Mid to late systolic; may be soft or absent if severe	Normal	Single or paradoxically split	Carotid upstrokes diminished and delayed; S3or S4 may be present	Murmur softer with Valsalva maneuver
Mitral stenosis	Diastolic rumble	Loud	Normal	Opening snap may be present	Murmur increased with brief exercise
Aortic regurgitation	Blowing diastolic	Soft	Normal	Wide pulse pressure, systolic hypertension, hyperdynamic circulation	Murmur increased with handgrip or squatting
Mitral regurgitation	Holosystolic	Soft	Normal or split	S3 may be present; carotid upstrokesbrisk	Murmur louder with Valsalva maneuver
Mitral valve prolapse	Mid to late systolic	Normal	Normal	Mid-systolic click	Murmur increased with standing