Agent	Unique side effects	Idiosyncratic reactions	Pharmacokinetics	Starting dosage/average dosage	Titration/administration	FDA indications
Felbamate (Felbatol), 1993	Headache, insomnia	Aplastic anemia, hepatitis	Protein binding: 25 percent Metabolism: liver Liver enzyme: inhibitor	600 to 1,200 mg/2,400 to 3,600 mg	Slow (every week)/two to three times daily	Focal and generalized epilepsy; adjunct and monotherapy
Gabapentin (Neurontin), 1993	Weight gain		Protein binding: 0 percent Metabolism: kidney Liver enzyme: none	300 mg/1,800 to 3,600 mg	Fast (increase every day)/three times daily	Focal epilepsy; adjunct
Lamotrigine (Lamictal), 1994		Rash	Protein binding: 55 percent Metabolism: liver Liver enzyme: inducer (mild)	25 to 50 mg/300 to 500 mg	Slow (every one to two weeks)/twice daily	Focal epilepsy; adjunct and monotherapy
Topiramate (Topamax), 1996	Nephrolithiasis, paresthesias, weight loss		Protein binding: 15 percent Metabolism: kidney Liver enzyme: inducer (mild)	25 to 50 mg/200 to 400 mg	Slow (every one to two weeks)/twice daily	Focal and generalized epilepsy; adjunct
Tiagabine (Gabitril), 1997			Protein binding: 95 percent Metabolism: liver Liver enzyme: inducer (mild)	4 mg/32 to 64 mg	Slow (every four weeks)/two to four times daily	Focal epilepsy; adjunct
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), 1999	Hyponatremia		Protein binding: 40 percent Metabolism: liver and kidney Liver enzyme: inducer (mild)	300 to 600 mg/600 to 2,400 mg	Slow (every week)/twice daily	Focal epilepsy; adjunct and monotherapy
Levetiracetam (Keppra), 1999			Protein binding: 0 percent Metabolism: kidney Liver enzyme: none	1,000 mg/1,000 to 3,000 mg	Effective at starting dose/twice daily	Focal epilepsy; adjunct
Zonisamide (Zonegran), 2000	Nephrolithiasis, weight loss		Protein binding: 50 percent Metabolism: liver Liver enzyme: inducer (mild)	100 to 200 mg/400 to 600 mg	Slow (every one to two weeks)/every day to twice daily	Focal epilepsy; adjunct