Beneficial

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

Digoxin (improves morbidity in people already receiving diuretics and ACE inhibitors)

Beta blockers

Spironolactone in severe heart Failure

Likely to be beneficial

Multidisciplinary interventions

Exercise

Amiodarone

Implantable cardiac defibrillators

Unlikely to be beneficial

Calcium channel blockers

Unknown effectiveness

Anticoagulation

Antiplatelet agents

Likely to be ineffective or harmful

Positive inotropes (nondigitalis)

Non-amiodarone antiarrhythmic drugs

To be covered in future issues ofClinical Evidence

Vasodilators

Coronary revascularization

Atheroma risk factor modification