Hormonal contraception

Intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy

Endometrial or cervical polyp

Endocrine abnormalities (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hyperprolactinemia)

Cervicitis

Cervical dysplasia or carcinoma

Bleeding disorders

Liver or renal failure

Endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma

Uterine leiomyomas