| Calcium channel blockers |
| Diltiazem (Cardizem) | Acute IV: 0.25 mg per kg over 2 minutes; then 0.35 mg per kg after 15 minutes if needed; then 10 mg per hour in drip if needed | Acute: heart block, CHF, hypotension (∼3%) |
| | Oral maintenance: 180 to 240 mg per day | Long-term: constipation |
| Verapamil (Calan) | Acute IV: bolus of 5 to 10 mg over 2 minutes; may repeat 10 mg in 15 to 30 minutes | Acute: heart block, CHF, hypotension (∼5% to 10%) |
| | Oral maintenance: 240 to 320 mg per day | Long-term: constipation |
| | | |
| Beta blockers |
| Propranolol (Inderal) | Acute IV: 1 to 3 mg at 1 mg per minute; repeat in 2 minutes if needed. | Acute: heart block, bronchospasm, CHF |
| | Oral maintenance: 10 to 30 mg every 6 to 8 hours | Long-term: fatigue, depression |
| Esmolol (Brevibloc) | Acute IV: 0.5 mg per kg over 1 minute; then 0.05 mg per kg per minute by IV drip for 4 minutes | Acute: hypotension (20% to 50%), heart block, CHF |
| Digoxin (Lanoxin) | Acute IV: 0.25 to 0.50 mg; then 0.25 mg every 4 to 6 hours to total of 1.0 mg | Heart click, visual disturbances, delirium, hallucinations |
| | Oral maintenance: 0.125 to 0.25 mg per day | |