Drug		Dosing	Side effects and complications
Calcium channel blockers
	Diltiazem (Cardizem)	Acute IV: 0.25 mg per kg over 2 minutes; then 0.35 mg per kg after 15 minutes if needed; then 10 mg per hour in drip if needed	Acute: heart block, CHF, hypotension (∼3%)
		Oral maintenance: 180 to 240 mg per day	Long-term: constipation
	Verapamil (Calan)	Acute IV: bolus of 5 to 10 mg over 2 minutes; may repeat 10 mg in 15 to 30 minutes	Acute: heart block, CHF, hypotension (∼5% to 10%)
		Oral maintenance: 240 to 320 mg per day	Long-term: constipation
Beta blockers
	Propranolol (Inderal)	Acute IV: 1 to 3 mg at 1 mg per minute; repeat in 2 minutes if needed.	Acute: heart block, bronchospasm, CHF
		Oral maintenance: 10 to 30 mg every 6 to 8 hours	Long-term: fatigue, depression
	Esmolol (Brevibloc)	Acute IV: 0.5 mg per kg over 1 minute; then 0.05 mg per kg per minute by IV drip for 4 minutes	Acute: hypotension (20% to 50%), heart block, CHF
Digoxin (Lanoxin)		Acute IV: 0.25 to 0.50 mg; then 0.25 mg every 4 to 6 hours to total of 1.0 mg	Heart click, visual disturbances, delirium, hallucinations
		Oral maintenance: 0.125 to 0.25 mg per day