Condition	Symptoms	Signs	Treatment
Keratitis	Pain with photophobia, foreign body sensation, tearing, red eye, decreased vision	Inflammatory cell infiltrate, corneal opacification, corneal vascularization, corneal ulceration	NSAIDs, topical/oral/IV steroids, immunosuppressives, surgery
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca	Dry eye, burning, pain, blurred vision, pruritus, foreign-body sensation, mucous threads and crusting about the eyelids	Diminished corneal tear meniscus, abnormal Schirmer's test	Sunglasses, room humidifiers, tear substitutes, surgery
Scleritis	Gradual onset; deep, boring pain may radiate into cheek, eyebrows, and temples blurred vision; photophobia	Decreased visual acuity; bluish appearance with engorged blood vessels; may have immovable, tender nodules over the sclera, general tenderness on palpation; engorged blood vessels do not blanch with phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine); avascular areas over the sclera	NSAIDs, topical/oral/IV steroids, immunosuppressives, surgery
Episcleritis	Sudden onset; mild ache may radiate into cheek, eyebrows, and temples; no blurred vision; photophobia	No change in visual acuity; bright red appearance with engorged blood vessels; may have movable, nontender nodules over the episclera; no tenderness on palpation; engorged blood vessels blanch with phenylephrine	NSAIDs, topical/oral steroids
Uveitis	Red eye, pain, photophobia, blurred vision	Decreased visual acuity, inflammatory infiltrate in the anterior chamber, synechiae, pupillary miosis	Cycloplegics, topical steroids, immunosuppressives
Optic neuritis	Visual loss, pain with eye movement, photophobia	Decreased visual acuity, loss of color vision, central scotoma, afferent pupillary defect, swollen optic nerve	IV steroids with positive MRI findings
Exophthalmos	Irritable and gritty eyes, double or blurred vision, photophobia, increased tearing, orbital pressure	Protruding globe, widened palpebral fissures, conjunctival injection and chemosis, lid lag and retraction, exposure keratitis	Lubricating eye drops, sleeping with head elevated, sunglasses, eyelid taping at night, steroids, radiotherapy, surgery