| Pregnancy and pregnancy-related conditions |
| Abruptio placentae |
| Ectopic pregnancy |
| Miscarriage |
| Placenta previa |
| Trophoblastic disease |
| Medications and iatrogenic causes |
| Anticoagulants7 |
| Antipsychotics7 |
| Corticosteroids7 |
| Herbal and other supplements: ginseng, ginkgo, soy7 |
| Hormone replacement |
| Intrauterine devices |
| Oral contraceptive pills, including progestin-only pills |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors7 |
| Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)7 |
| Thyroid hormone replacement |
| Systemic conditions |
| Adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing's disease |
| Blood dyscrasias, including leukemia and thrombocytopenia |
| Coagulopathies |
| Hepatic disease |
| Hypothalamic suppression (from stress, weight loss, excessive exercise) |
| Pituitary adenoma or hyperprolactinemia |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome |
| Renal disease |
| Thyroid disease |
| Genital tract pathology |
| Infections: cervicitis, endometritis, myometritis, salpingitis |
| Neoplastic entities |
| Benign anatomic abnormalities: adenomyosis, leiomyomata, polyps of the cervix or endometrium |
| Premalignant lesions: cervical dysplasia, endometrial hyperplasia |
| Malignant lesions: cervical squamous cell carcinoma, endometrial adenocarcinoma, estrogen-producing ovarian tumors, testosterone-producing ovarian tumors, leiomyosarcoma |
| Trauma: foreign body, abrasions, lacerations, sexual abuse or assault |
| Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (diagnosis of exclusion) |