Neuromuscular/sensory dysfunction
	Mental retardation
	Cerebral palsy
	Parkinson's disease
	Pseudobulbar*
	Bulbar palsy*
	Stroke*
Hypersecretion †
	Inflammation (teething, dental caries, oral-cavity infection, rabies)
	Medication side effects (tranquilizers, anticonvulsants)
	Gastroesophageal reflux
	Toxin exposure (mercury vapor)
Anatomic ‡
	Macroglossia (enlarged tongue)
	Oral incompetence
	Dental malocclusion
	Orthodontic problems
	Head and neck surgical defects (i.e., “Andy Gump” deformity)