Arrhythmias

Atrial fibrillation/flutter

Bradycardia caused by advanced arteriovenous

block or sinus node dysfunction

Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (sick sinus syndrome)

Multifocal atrial tachycardia

Premature supraventricular or ventricular contractions

Sinus tachycardia or arrhythmia

Supraventricular tachycardia

Ventricular tachycardia

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Psychiatric causes

Anxiety disorder

Panic attacks

Drugs and medications

Alcohol

Caffeine

Certain prescription and over-the-counter agents (e.g., digitalis, phenothiazine, theophylline, beta agonists)

Street drugs (e.g., cocaine)

Tobacco

Nonarrhythmic cardiac causes

Atrial or ventricular septal defect

Cardiomyopathy

Congenital heart disease

Congestive heart failure

Mitral valve prolapse

Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia

Pericarditis

Valvular disease (e.g., aortic insufficiency, stenosis)

Extracardiac causes

Anemia

Electrolyte imbalance

Fever

Hyperthyroidism

Hypoglycemia

Hypovolemia

Pheochromocytoma

Pulmonary disease

Vasovagal syndrome