Absolute indications

Persistent vomiting

Progression of uncomplicated UTI

Suspected sepsis

Uncertain diagnosis

Urinary tract obstruction

Relative indications

Age > 60 years

Anatomic urinary tract abnormality

Immunocompromised (diabetes mellitus, cancer, sickle cell disease, organ transplant)

Inadequate access to follow-up

Frailty, poor social support