Glomerular causes
	Familial causes
		Fabry’s disease
		Hereditary nephritis (Alport’s syndrome)
		Nail-patella syndrome
		Thin basement-membrane disease
	Primary glomerulonephritis
		Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
		Goodpasture’s disease
		Henoch-Schönlein purpura
		IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease)
		Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis
		Postinfectious glomerulonephritis
		Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
	Secondary glomerulonephritis
		Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
		Systemic lupus nephritis
		Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
		Vasculitis
	Renal causes
		Arteriovenous malformation
		Hypercalciuria
		Hyperuricosuria
		Loin pain-hematuria syndrome
		Malignant hypertension
		Medullary sponge kidney
	Metabolic causes
		Papillary necrosis
		Polycystic kidney disease
		Renal artery embolism
		Renal vein thrombosis
		Sickle cell disease or trait
	Tubulointerstitial causes
	Vascular cause
	Urologic causes
		Benign prostatic hyperplasia
		Cancer (kidney, ureteral, bladder, prostate, and urethral)
		Cystitis/pyelonephritis
		Nephrolithiasis
		Prostatitis
		Schistosoma haematobium infection
		Tuberculosis
	Other causes
		Drugs (e.g., NSAIDs, heparin, warfarin [Coumadin], cyclophosphamide [Cytoxan])
		Trauma (e.g., contact sports, running, Foley catheter)