Hyperprolactinemia
Prolactin ≤ 100 ng per mL (100 mcg per L)
	Altered metabolism
		Liver failure
		Renal failure
	Ectopic production
		Bronchogenic (e.g., carcinoma)
		Gonadoblastoma
		Hypopharynx
		Ovarian dermoid cyst
		Renal cell carcinoma
		Teratoma
	Breastfeeding
	Breast stimulation
	Hypothyroidism
	Medications
		Oral contraceptive pills
		Antipsychotics
		Antidepressants
		Antihypertensives
		Histamine H2 receptor blockers
		Opiates, cocaine
Prolactin > 100 ng per mL
	Empty sella syndrome
	Pituitary adenoma
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Gonadal dysgenesis
	Turner’s syndrome*
	Other*
Postmenopausal ovarian failure
Premature ovarian failure
	Autoimmune
	Chemotherapy
	Galactosemia
	Genetic
	17-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome
	Idiopathic
	Mumps
	Pelvic radiation
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Anorexia or bulimia nervosa
Central nervous system tumor
Constitutional delay of growth and puberty*
Chronic illness
	Chronic liver disease
	Chronic renal insufficiency
	Diabetes
	Immunodeficiency
	Inflammatory bowel disease
	Thyroid disease
	Severe depression or psychosocial stressors
Cranial radiation
Excessive exercise
Excessive weight loss or malnutrition
Hypothalamic or pituitary destruction
Kallmann syndrome*
Sheehan’s syndrome
Normogonadotropic
Congenital
	Androgen insensitivity syndrome*
	Müllerian agenesis*
Hyperandrogenic anovulation
	Acromegaly
	Androgen-secreting tumor (ovarian or adrenal)
	Cushing’s disease
	Exogenous androgens
	Nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia
	Polycystic ovary syndrome
	Thyroid disease
Outflow tract obstruction
	Asherman’s syndrome
	Cervical stenosis
	Imperforate hymen*
	Transverse vaginal septum*
Other
Pregnancy
Thyroid disease