Abnormality		Possible mechanism	Treatments
Hypercalciuria (more than 250 mg per 24 hours [6.2 mmol per day])
	Absorptive hypercalciuria	Increased intestinal absorption of calcium	Thiazide diuretic*, potassium citrate (Urocit-K)†
	Idiopathic hypercalciuria	Inherited trait	Thiazide diuretic*, potassium citrate†
	Primary hyperparathyroidism	Increased bone demineralization or increased intestinal calcium absorption	Parathyroidectomy
	Renal hypercalciuria	Renal leak of calcium	Thiazide diuretic*, potassium citrate†
Hyperoxaluria (more than 45 mg per 24 hours [500 μmol per day])
	Enteric hyperoxaluria	Malabsorption from any cause with increased urinary oxalate to complex with calcium	Decrease oxalate intake, increase calcium intake
	Primary hyperoxaluria	Metabolic error with high level of oxalate production and urinary excretion	Decrease oxalate intake, increase calcium intake
Hyperuricosuria (more than 800 mg per 24 hours [4.76 mmol per day])		Increased uric acid promotes calcium oxalate crystallization via the formation of nuclei	Potassium citrate†, allopurinol (Zyloprim; 100 to 300 mg daily, given orally)
Hypocitraturia (less than 450 mg per 24 hours [2.34 mmol per day])		Idiopathic; renal tubular acidosis (types 1, 2, and 4)	Potassium citrate†