Study	Agent(s)	Design (no. of participants)	Outcomes	Adverse effects
Placebo-controlled studies
Chapple, et al., 2005¹⁰	Darifenacin (Enablex) 7.5 to 15 mg per day versus placebo	Pooled analysis of three RCTs (1,059)	Decrease in incontinence episodes per day: −1.25 (7.5 mg), −1.5 (15 mg) versus −0.99 placebo (P < .004) Decreases in frequency and severity of urgency, leakage, voids per day, and nocturnal awakenings	Dry mouth: 20.2 to 35.3% versus 8.2% placebo (P < .05)
				Constipation: 14.8 to 21.3% versus 6.2% placebo (P < .05)
				Dyspepsia: 2.7 to 8.4% versus 2.6% placebo (P < .05)
Cardozo, et al., 2004¹¹	Solifenacin (Vesicare) 5 to 10 mg per day versus placebo	RCT (911)	Decrease in incontinence episodes per day: −1.63 (5 mg), −1.57 (10 mg) versus −1.25 placebo (P = .002) Decreases in voids per day, urgency episodes, and nocturia; increase in bladder capacity	Dry mouth: 7.7% (5 mg), 23.1% (10 mg), 2.3% placebo
				Constipation: 3.7% (5 mg), 9.1% (10 mg), 2.0% placebo
				Blurred vision: 4.0% (5 mg), 5.9% (10 mg), 2.3% placebo
Zinner, et al., 2004¹²	Trospium (Sanctura) 40 mg per day versus placebo	RCT (523)	Decrease in incontinence episodes per day: −2.0 versus −1.3 placebo (P < .001) Complete dryness in 21% versus 11% placebo Decreases in frequency and severity of urgency, leakage, voids per day, and nocturnal awakenings	Dry mouth: 21.8% versus 6.5% placebo (P < .05)
				Constipation: 9.5% versus 3.8% placebo (P < .05)
				Abdominal pain: 3.1% versus 1.1% placebo
Active-comparator studies
Zinner, et al., 2005¹³	Darifenacin 15 to 30 mg per day versus oxybutynin IR (Ditropan) 5 mg per day or placebo	RCT crossover (76)	Incontinence episodes per week: 10.9 (15 mg), 8.8 (30 mg) versus 9.5 oxybutynin, 14.6 placebo (P < .05)	Dry mouth: 13.1% (15 mg), 34.4% (30 mg) versus 36.1% oxybutynin, 4.9% placebo
Zinner, et al., 2005¹³		RCT crossover (76)		Constipation: 9.8% (15 mg), 21.3% (30 mg) versus 8.2% oxybutynin, 3.3% placebo
Chapple, et al., 2004¹⁴	Solifenacin 5 to 10 mg per day versus tolterodine IR (Detrol) 2 mg per day or placebo	RCT (1,081)	Decrease in incontinence episodes per day: −1.42 (5 mg), −1.45 (10 mg) versus −1.14 tolterodine, −0.76 placebo Decreases in voids per day and urgency episodes; increase in bladder capacity	Early discontinuation: 10.0% (5 mg), 7.1% (10 mg) versus 9.9% tolterodine, 12.0% placebo
				Dry mouth: 14.0% (5 mg), 21.3% (10 mg) versus 18.6% tolterodine, 4.9% placebo
				Constipation: 7.2% (5 mg), 7.8% (10 mg) versus 2.6% tolterodine, 1.9% placebo
				Blurred vision: 3.6% (5 mg), 5.6% (10 mg) versus 1.5% tolterodine, 2.6% placebo
Chapple, et al., 2005¹⁵	Solifenacin 5 to 10 mg per day versus tolterodine ER (Detrol LA) 4 mg per day	RCT (1,177)	Decrease in incontinence episodes per day: −1.60 (10 mg) versus −1.11 tolterodine (P < .0001) Significant decrease in urgency episodes with solifenacin (P < .05)	Early discontinuation: 3.5% versus 3.0% tolterodine
				Dry mouth: 30.0% versus 24.0% tolterodine
				Constipation: 6.4% versus 2.5% tolterodine
				Blurred vision: 0.7% versus 1.7% tolterodine
Halaska, et al., 2003¹⁶	Trospium 40 mg per day versus oxybutynin IR 10 mg per day	RCT (358); unblinded	Similar changes in urodynamic parameters	Early discontinuation (< 52 weeks): 25.0% versus 26.7% oxybutynin
				Dry mouth: 33.0% versus 50.0% oxybutynin
				Constipation: 7.0% versus 4.0% oxybutynin