High (reported cardiac risk often >5 percent)

Emergent major operations, particularly in patients older than 75 years

Aortic and other major vascular surgery

Peripheral vascular surgery

Anticipated prolonged surgical procedure associated with large fluid shifts and/or blood loss

Intermediate (reported cardiac risk generally 1 to 5 percent)

Carotid endarterectomy

Head and neck surgery

Intraperitoneal and intrathoracic surgery

Orthopedic surgery

Prostate surgery

Low† (reported cardiac risk generally <1 percent)

Endoscopic procedures

Superficial procedures

Cataract surgery

Breast surgery