Clinical condition	Treatment
Patellofemoral pain syndrome	Relative rest and activity modification, icing, NSAIDs, patellar tracking exercise program (straight leg raises and short arc quad isometric exercises)
	Consider use of knee sleeve or patellar taping (typically initiated by physical therapist)
	Cyclists should consider change in seat height, cycling position, or pedal/cleat system
Iliotibial band friction syndrome	Relative rest and activity modification, icing, NSAIDs, Hip abductor strengthening, iliotibial band stretching, occasional need for corticosteroid injection
	Cyclists should consider change in seat height, cycling position, or pedal/cleat system
Medial tibial stress syndrome (i.e., shin splints)	Relative rest, icing, NSAIDs, stretching
	Consider use of insoles or orthotics in patients with significant pes cavus or hyperpronation
Achilles tendinopathy	Relative rest, icing, NSAIDs, stretching, heel lifts
	Short-term walking boot for severe cases
	Eccentric strength training is key treatment
Plantar fasciitis	Relative rest, ice massage, NSAIDs, prefabricated shoe inserts, heel cord and plantar fascia stretching, tension night splints, occasional need for corticosteroid injection
Stress fracture	Relative rest; additional treatment individualized for specific fractures
	Metatarsal shaft fractures may be treated with stiff-soled shoe. Fractures of the femoral neck, anterior tibia, tarsals, and proximal fifth metatarsal require more specialized care and consultation