| Treatment | SOL (minutes) | WASO (minutes) | Sleep efficiency (%)* | Total sleep time increase (minutes) | Sleep quality (SMD) | Risk difference† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonpharmacologic13,14 | −15.7 to −24 | −22.5 | — | 24.3 to 32 | — | — | |
| Relaxation4 | −14.5 | −1.6 | 0.4 | 23.0 | 0.37 | — | |
| Cognitive/behavioral4 | −4.6 | −18.2 | 5.5 | 0.7 | 0.38 | — | |
| Exercise16 | −12 | — | — | 42 | — | — | |
| Benzodiazepines4,22 | −4.2 to −16.5 | −23.1 | 6.3 | 39.1 to 61.8 | 0.08 | 0.15 | |
| Estazolam4 | −10.2 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Flurazepam (Dalmane)4 | −23.1 | −12.4 | — | — | — | — | |
| Temazepam (Restoril)4 | −11.6 | −23.7 | — | — | — | — | |
| Triazolam (Halcion)4 | −19.7 | −40.0 | — | — | — | — | |
| Nonbenzodiazepines4 | −18.1 | −12.6 | 5.9 | 28.0 | 0.48 | 0.05 | |
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta)4 | −16.7 | −25.8 | — | — | — | — | |
| Zaleplon (Sonata)4 | −20.1 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Zolpidem (Ambien)4 | −12.8 | −8.5 | — | — | — | — | |
| Antidepressants4 | −7.4 | −11.4 | 13.8 | 53.8 | 0.63 | 0.09 | |
| Doxepin4 | −6.7 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Trazodone (Desyrel)4 | −12.2 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Melatonin4 | −8.3 | −9.7 | 3.3 | 5.8 | 0.25 | 0.09 | |
| Valerian4 | −1.3 | −8.4 | −0.1 | 0.8 | 1.38 | 0.06 | |