Disease	Route of infection	Signs and symptoms	Diagnosis	Primary treatment
Parasitic
Toxoplasmosis	Ingestion of oocysts in soil/fomites, undercooked meat	Immunocompetent: asymptomatic or lymphadenopathy	Serology, biopsy	Pregnancy: spiramycin (investigational in United States) Chorioretinitis: pyrimethamine (Daraprim) plus sulfadiazine plus leucovorin plus prednisone4
		Congenital: congenital defects
		Immunocompromised: febrile syndrome, meningitis
Visceral larva migrans	Ingestion (usually by a child) of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil or feces	Eosinophilia, cough, wheezing, fever, seizures, hepatosplenomegaly	Eosinophilia, elevated WBC count, ELISA	Albendazole (Albenza)5
Ocular larva migrans	Ingestion (usually by a child) of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil or feces	Endophthalmitis, choroidal granuloma	Eosinophilia, slit lamp, eosinophils in aqueous humor	Steroids5
Cutaneous larva migrans	Skin contact with soil	Serpiginous rash, itching	Typical lesion, biopsy	Ivermectin (Stromectol)6
Cystic echinococcosis	Ingestion of animal feces containing Echinococcus eggs	Cysts in liver or lungs, symptoms if rupture, mass effect	CT, ultrasonography	Percutaneous aspiration, saline injection, and re-aspiration6; albendazole
Alveolar echinococcosis	Ingestion of animal feces containing Echinococcus eggs	Cysts in liver, jaundice, pain	CT, ultrasonography	Surgical resection6; albendazole
Dipylidiasis	Ingestion of infected fleas	Often asymptomatic, anal itching, abdominal pain	Eosinophilia, stool ova and parasites examination for proglottids	Praziquantel (Biltricide)6
Cryptosporidiosis	Contact with infected pet feces (e.g., dog, cat, ferret, rodent)	Diarrhea	Stool studies	Nitazoxanide (Alinia)6
Giardiasis	Contact with infected pet feces (e.g., dog, cat, ferret, rodent)	Diarrhea	Stool studies, string test, endoscopy	Tinidazole (Tindamax), nitazoxanide6
Fungal
Tinea corporis/capitis	Physical contact/petting	Erythematous plaques, alopecia	KOH prep	Topical or oral antifungal7,8
Bacterial
Campylobacteriosis	Ingestion through contact	Diarrhea, fever	Stool WBC count, culture	Azithromycin (Zithromax)7
Salmonellosis	Ingestion through contact	Diarrhea, fever, septicemia	Stool WBC count, culture	If asymptomatic or mild, antimicrobial not indicated Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)7
Pasteurellosis	Bites, scratches	Wound infection	Culture	Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin)7
Cat-scratch disease	Scratch or bite	Swelling at site of skin lesion, lymphadenopathy	IFA serology, biopsy	Azithromycin7
Psittacosis	Inhalation of bird droppings or nasal secretions	Influenza-like illness, atypical pneumonia	Serology	Doxycycline (Vibramycin), erythromycin7
Brucellosis	Contact with infected dogs	Fever, weight loss, adenopathy, splenomegaly	Blood culture, ELISA	Doxycycline plus gentamicin (Garamycin; brand not available in the United States) or streptomycin9
Leptospirosis	Contact with urine or secretions (usually dog)	Influenza-like illness, conjunctival suffusion, fever, jaundice	Serology	Penicillin G, doxycycline, ceftriaxone (Rocephin)7,10
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	Contact with infected animal	Colonization, soft tissue infection, pneumonia	Gram stain, culture	Treatment based on sensitivity testing
Lyme disease	Ticks from pet	Erythema chronicum migrans rash, fever, headache, arthritis, carditis	Western blot test	Early: doxycycline, amoxicillin, cefuroxime (Ceftin)11
Plague	Contact with infected cats	Fever, myalgia, lymphadenopathy	ELISA, culture	Gentamicin, streptomycin12
Tularemia	Ticks, contact with infected cats	Influenza-like illness, lymphadenopathy, pneumonia	ELISA	Gentamicin13
Fish tank granuloma	Contact with fish aquarium	Localized granuloma	Biopsy, culture	Clarithromycin (Biaxin), minocycline (Minocin), doxycycline, TMP/SMX (Bactrim, Septra), rifampin (Rifadin) plus ethambutol (Myambutol), surgical excision14
Arthropod
Scabies	Contact	Itching, papular rash	Skin scraping	Permethrin (Acticin), ivermectin7,15
Viral
Rabies	Bites, scratches	Encephalitis	Biopsy	Vaccine prophylaxis; case report of survival with induction of coma and other treatment16
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis	Petting, kissing animal (e.g., guinea pigs, other rodents)	Influenza-like illness, severe disease in immunocompromised persons	Serology	No specific antiviral therapy
Monkeypox	Direct contact with infected rodents	Fever, headache, cough, adenopathy, vesicular papular rash	Virus isolation, PCR	No proven antiviral therapy7