Cause	Men	Women	Both
Obstructive	Benign prostatic hyperplasia; meatal stenosis; paraphimosis; penile constricting bands; phimosis; prostate cancer	Organ prolapse (cystocele, rectocele, uterine prolapse); pelvic mass (gynecologic malignancy, uterine fibroid, ovarian cyst); retroverted impacted gravid uterus	Aneurysmal dilation; bladder calculi; bladder neoplasm; fecal impaction; gastrointestinal or retroperitoneal malignancy/mass; urethral strictures, foreign bodies, stones, edema
Infectious and inflammatory	Balanitis; prostatic abscess; prostatitis	Acute vulvovaginitis; vaginal lichen planus; vaginal lichen sclerosis; vaginal pemphigus	Bilharziasis; cystitis; echinococcosis; Guillain-Barré syndrome; herpes simplex virus; Lyme disease; periurethral abscess; transverses myelitis; tubercular cystitis; urethritis; varicella-zoster virus
Other	Penile trauma, fracture, or laceration	Postpartum complication; urethral sphincter dysfunction (Fowler's syndrome)	Disruption of posterior urethra and bladder neck in pelvic trauma; postoperative complication; psychogenic