Drug class/drug(s)		Pathophysiologic mechanism of renal injury
Analgesics
	Acetaminophen, aspirin	Chronic interstitial nephritis
	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	Acute interstitial nephritis, altered intraglomerular hemodynamics, chronic interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis
Antidepressants/mood stabilizers
	Amitriptyline (Elavil*), doxepin (Zonalon), fluoxetine (Prozac)	Rhabdomyolysis
	Lithium	Chronic interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, rhabdomyolysis
Antihistamines
	Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), doxylamine (Unisom)	Rhabdomyolysis
Antimicrobials
	Acyclovir (Zovirax)	Acute interstitial nephritis, crystal nephropathy
	Aminoglycosides	Tubular cell toxicity
	Amphotericin B (Fungizone*; deoxycholic acid formulation more so than the lipid formulation)	Tubular cell toxicity
	Beta lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins)	Acute interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis (ampicillin, penicillin)
	Foscarnet (Foscavir)	Crystal nephropathy, tubular cell toxicity
	Ganciclovir (Cytovene)	Crystal nephropathy
	Pentamidine (Pentam)	Tubular cell toxicity
	Quinolones	Acute interstitial nephritis, crystal nephropathy (ciprofloxacin [Cipro])
	Rifampin (Rifadin)	Acute interstitial nephritis
	Sulfonamides	Acute interstitial nephritis, crystal nephropathy
	Vancomycin (Vancocin)	Acute interstitial nephritis
Antiretrovirals
	Adefovir (Hepsera), cidofovir (Vistide), tenofovir (Viread)	Tubular cell toxicity
	Indinavir (Crixivan)	Acute interstitial nephritis, crystal nephropathy
Benzodiazepines		Rhabdomyolysis
Calcineurin inhibitors
	Cyclosporine (Neoral)	Altered intraglomerular hemodynamics, chronic interstitial nephritis, thrombotic microangiopathy
	Tacrolimus (Prograf)	Altered intraglomerular hemodynamics
Cardiovascular agents
	Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers	Altered intraglomerular hemodynamics
	Clopidogrel (Plavix), ticlopidine (Ticlid)	Thrombotic microangiopathy
	Statins	Rhabdomyolysis
Chemotherapeutics
	Carmustine (Gliadel), semustine (investigational)	Chronic interstitial nephritis
	Cisplatin (Platinol)	Chronic interstitial nephritis, tubular cell toxicity
	Interferon-alfa (Intron A)	Glomerulonephritis
	Methotrexate	Crystal nephropathy
	Mitomycin-C (Mutamycin)	Thrombotic microangiopathy
Contrast dye		Tubular cell toxicity
Diuretics
	Loops, thiazides	Acute interstitial nephritis
	Triamterene (Dyrenium)	Crystal nephropathy
Drugs of abuse
	Cocaine, heroin, ketamine (Ketalar), methadone, methamphetamine	Rhabdomyolysis
Herbals
	Chinese herbals with aristocholic acid	Chronic interstitial nephritis
Proton pump inhibitors
	Lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec), pantoprazole (Protonix)	Acute interstitial nephritis
Others
	Allopurinol (Zyloprim)	Acute interstitial nephritis
	Gold therapy	Glomerulonephritis
	Haloperidol (Haldol)	Rhabdomyolysis
	Pamidronate (Aredia)	Glomerulonephritis
	Phenytoin (Dilantin)	Acute interstitial nephritis
	Quinine (Qualaquin)	Thrombotic microangiopathy
	Ranitidine (Zantac)	Acute interstitial nephritis
	Zoledronate (Zometa)	Tubular cell toxicity