| Nonpharmacologic |
| Lifestyle | Cessation of tobacco products, weight loss |
| Physical | Exercise*, manipulation, physical therapy, stretching and yoga, surgical therapies (nerve blocks, trigger point injections, spinal infusion or stimulation), transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation |
| Psychologic | Biofeedback, cognitive behavior therapy†, counseling, hypnosis, music‡, relaxation† |
| Complementary or alternative | Acupuncture, herbal remedies, massage, mindfulness meditation, reflexology |
| Occupational | Occupational therapy, work conditioning programs |
| Pharmacologic |
| Nonopioid analgesics | Acetaminophen, NSAIDs, salicylates (aspirin) |
| Opioid medications (nonsynthetic, synthetic)§‖ | Combination opioid and nonopioid medications (codeine, hydrocodone [Hycodan], or oxycodone [Roxicodone] plus acetaminophen, aspirin, or an NSAID) |
| Noncombination or “strong” opioid medications, such as morphine (MS Contin) and its derivatives (butorphanol [Stadol], codeine, fentanyl [Duragesic], hydrocodone, hydromorphone [Dilaudid]¶, levorphanol [Levo-Dromoran], methadone, oxycodone) |
| Tramadol (Ultram) |
| Adjuvant medications | Anticonvulsant medications (carbamazepine [Tegretol]**, gabapentin [Neurontin]**, lamotrigine [Lamictal], phenytoin [Dilantin], pregabalin [Lyrica], valproic acid [Depakene]) |
| Antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic††) |
| Atypical antidepressants (duloxetine [Cymbalta], venlafaxine [Effexor]††) |
| Topical lidocaine (Xylocaine)‡‡ |
| Others (topical capsaicin, cyclobenzaprine [Flexeril], lidocaine patches) |