Disorder	Description	Location	Etiology	Treatment
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentatin	Irregular, darkly-pigmented macules or patches	Previous sites of injury or inflammation	Trauma, inflammation	Hydroquinone (Eldoquin Forte), azelaic acid (Azelex), retinoids, chemical peels, laser therapy; combination therapy is most effective
Melasma	Pigmented, well-defined macules; light brown, brown, or gray in color	Face (63 percent centrofacial, 21 percent malar, 16 percent mandibular), forearms	Pregnancy, oral contraceptives, phenytoin (Dilantin), idiopathic	Sunscreen; combinations of: hydroquinone, retinoids, glycolic acid peels, topical steroids; laser therapy, intense pulsed light therapy for dermal lesions
Solar lentigines	1- to 3-cm macules, well-circumscribed, light yellow to dark brown, variegated color	Face, hands, forearms, chest, back, shins	Acute, chronic ultraviolet light exposure	Hydroquinone, retinoids, chemical peels, laser therapy, cryotherapy
Ephelides	1- to 2-mm, shaply defined macules, red to tan to light brown in color	Childhood onset, face, neck, chest, arms, legs	Sun exposure in susceptible persons (i.e., skin types I to II)	None needed; fades in winter months
Café-au-lait macules	Tan to brown patches, 1 to 20 cm, epidermal, present at birth or early childhood	Usually on trunk, but possible anywhere	Increased melanin in melanocytes, basal keratinocytes	Laser therapy, surgical excision; cosmetic treatment
Vitiligo	Unpigmented macules and patches, sharply defined, 5 to 50 mm, coalescent	Face, hands, forearms, neck, genitalia, body folds, periorificial	Unknown, possibly immune-mediated	Sunscreens, concealers, dyes, topical steroids, oral psoralens with psoralen ultr]aviolet A-range, narrow-band ultraviolet-B therapy, depigmentation, grafting