Nerve injury type	Conservative therapy	Therapy duration and considerations	Indications for surgery
Axillary26–28	Shoulder range-of-motion exercises, including posterior capsule stretching; avoid heavy lifting For injuries associated with specific activity, assess shoulder biomechanics for that activity	Consider baseline nerve conduction studies at one month, repeat at three months Conservative therapy for three to six months	Rare
Carpal tunnel15,25,29,30	Activity modification, splints worn at night Consider one steroid injection Oral steroids, yoga, ultrasound, and carpal bone mobilization have short-term benefit	Consider nerve conduction studies if no improvement within four to six weeks	Common Consider surgery if nerve conduction studies show severe injury, thenar atrophy, motor weakness
Cubital tunnel31–33	Pad external elbow against external compression; decrease repetitive elbow flexion Extension splint (70 degrees) worn at night	Conservative therapy only for sensory symptoms	Occasional Consider surgery for motor weakness that is moderate or that does not respond to conservative therapy after three months Poor surgical outcome for established intrinsic muscle atrophy
Interosseous nerve syndrome34,35	Cock-up splint to assist weakened wrist muscles Avoid provocative activities Consider elbow immobilization	Three to six months	Consider surgery sooner if late presentation with severe weakness or atrophy, progressive weakness
Long thoracic36,37	Shoulder range-of-motion exercises to prevent contracture Strengthen trapezius, rhomboids, and levator scapula (remaining scapular stabilizers)	Nine to 12 months is average recovery time; consider conservative treatment for up to 24 months	Rare
Pronator13,38,39	Activity modification; consider single steroid injection Splinting with elbow at 90 degrees can be used, with monitoring for loss of range of motion at elbow	Three to six months	Occasional
Radial tunnel38,40,41	Physical therapy for extensor-supinator muscle group Consider single corticosteroid injection	Three months of physical therapy before consideration of surgery (unless intractable pain)	Consider surgical decompression for intractable pain, although no available evidence from randomized controlled trials
Radial wrist39,42	Eliminate external compression May consider single cortisone injection	Three months	Rare
Suprascapular43–45	Physical therapy to maintain full shoulder range of motion and strengthen other shoulder (compensatory) muscles Avoid heavy lifting and repetitive overhead activities	Early magnetic resonance imaging (at one month) to rule out anatomic lesion (i.e., ganglion cyst) Conservative treatment for six to 12 months if no anatomic lesion	Rare unless labral ganglion cyst present Presence of cyst indicates early consideration for surgery
Ulnar wrist39,46	Pad volar wrist area; activity modification Splint wrist in neutral position	Six months	Rare