Causes	Examples
Medication class or system
Anticholinergics	Oxybutynin (Ditropan), cimetidine (Tagamet), antihistamines
Cardiac	Clonidine (Catapres), digoxin, hydralazine
Central nervous system	Levodopa, phenytoin (Dilantin), haloperidol
Hormones	Glucocorticoids, oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids
Sedatives	Benzodiazepines, ethanol, sleep aids
Illness
Cancer	Pancreas, lung, colon
Endocrine	Hypothyroidism, hypercortisolism, Addison disease
Hematologic	Vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency, leukemia
Infection	Syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus, pneumonia
Metabolic	Hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, porphyria
Neurologic	Alzheimer disease, stroke, intracranial mass
Impairments
Hearing loss9	—
Pain10	Osteoarthritis, neuralgia
Substance abuse	Alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines