What are the effects of multidisciplinary interventions for heart failure?
Beneficial	Multidisciplinary interventions
What are the effects of exercise in persons with heart failure?
Likely to be beneficial	Exercise
What are the effects of drug treatments for heart failure?
Beneficial	ACE inhibitors
	Angiotensin II receptor blockers
	Beta blockers
	Digoxin (improves morbidity in persons already receiving diuretics and ACE inhibitors)
Likely to be beneficial	Aldosterone receptor antagonists
	Hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate
Unknown effectiveness	Amiodarone
	Anticoagulation
	Antiplatelet agents
Likely to be ineffective or harmful	Antiarrhythmics other than amiodarone
	Calcium channel blockers
	Positive inotropes other than digoxin
What are the effects of devices for treatment of heart failure?
Beneficial	Implantable cardiac defibrillators in persons at high risk of arrhythmia
Likely to be beneficial	Cardiac resynchronization therapy
What are the effects of coronary revascularization for treatment of heart failure?
Unknown effectiveness	Coronary revascularization
What are the effects of drug treatments in persons at high risk of heart failure?
Beneficial	ACE inhibitors in persons with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction or other risk factors
Likely to be beneficial	Angiotensin II receptor blockers
What are the effects of treatments for diastolic heart failure?
Unknown effectiveness	Treatments other than angiotensin II receptor blockers
Unlikely to be beneficial	ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers