Biologic

Family history of depression7,8

Female sex11

Hormonal changes during puberty11

Low birth weight7

Maternal age younger than 18 years7

Medical illness (e.g., asthma, diabetes mellitus, migraines)7

Obesity11

Other psychological disorders (e.g., anxiety, learning disorders)11,12

Sleep disruptions11

Psychological

Emotional dependence12

History of suicide attempts11,12

Ineffective coping skills11,12

Low self-esteem11,12

Negative body image12

Negative thinking styles (e.g., “Things like this always happen to me,” “Nothing will ever go as planned”)11,12

Self-consciousness12

Environmental

Antisocial peer group11

Decreased physical activity11

Increased parental conflict8,12

Loss of relationship (e.g., death of family member or friend, romantic relationship, friendship)8,12

Low socioeconomic status7,8

Overeating11

Poor academic performance11,12

Poor peer relationships8,12

Substance use11

Traumatic event (e.g., physical or sexual abuse, accident)8