Study type	Number of patients	Cause of carcinoma	Test	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
Systematic review (2 prospective cohort, 3 case-control)1	1,734 (239 were not HCV-positive)	NS	AFP > 20 ng per mL (20 μg per L)	41 to 65	80 to 94
Retrospective (blinded) case-control2	106 (19 with hepatocellular carcinoma)	Mixed (58 percent HCV)	AFP > 20 ng per mL	58	91
			AFP > 50 ng per mL (50 μg per L)	47	96
			Ultrasonography	58	94
			Computed tomography	53	94
Retrospective case series3	166 (27 with hepatocellular carcinoma)	Mixed (63 percent HCV)	AFP > 20 ng per mL	63	87
			AFP > 200 ng per mL(200 μg per L)	27	100
			Ultrasonography	59	93
			Computed tomography	91	96
Retrospective case series4	239 (all with hepatocellular carcinoma)	Mixed (55 percent HCV)	AFP > 50 ng per mL	31	96
			AFP > 200 ng per mL	20	> 99
	199		Ultrasonography	58	NA
	164		Computed tomography	69	NA
	197		Magnetic resonance imaging	78	NA
Retrospective case series5	200 (28 with hepatocellular carcinoma)	NS	Ultrasonography	43	95