Antihypertensives |
Alpha-adrenergic antagonists | Decrease sphincter tone, causing stress incontinence |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | May increase coughing, causing stress incontinence |
Calcium channel blockers | Relax the bladder, causing retention and overflow incontinence |
Diuretics | High urine flow that leads to bladder contractions, causing urge incontinence |
Pain relievers |
Cyclooxygenase-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | Increase fluid retention, causing nocturnal diuresis and functional incontinence |
Opioids | Relax the bladder, causing fecal impaction, sedation, retention, and overflow incontinence |
Skeletal muscle relaxants | Inhibit bladder contractions, causing sedation, retention, and overflow incontinence |
Psychotherapeutics |
Antidepressants, antiparkinsonian agents, antipsychotics | Inhibit bladder contractions, causing retention and overflow incontinence |
Sedatives and hypnotics | Lead to sedation and impaired cognition, causing functional or overflow incontinence |
Others |
Alcohol | Leads to diuretic effect and depressed central inhibition, causing urge incontinence, overflow incontinence, or both |
Antihistamines, anticholinergics | Inhibit bladder contractions, causing sedation, retention, and overflow incontinence |
Medications for urinary urgency | Inhibit bladder contractions, causing sedation, retention, and overflow incontinence |
Thiazolidinediones | Increase fluid retention, causing nocturnal diuresis and functional incontinence |