Subjective

Otologic: hearing loss, cholesteatoma, Meniere disease, vestibular schwannoma

Toxicologic: medication or substance use

Somatic: temporomandibular joint dysfunction, head or neck injury

Traumatic: cerumen removal10

Neurologic: multiple sclerosis, spontaneous intracranial hypotension,11 type I Chiari malformation,12 idiopathic intracranial hypertension,13 vestibular migraine14

Infectious: viral, bacterial, fungal

Metabolic (weak evidence): hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, vitamin B12 deficiency

Objective

Patulous eustachian tube

Vascular: arterial bruit, venous hum, arteriovenous malformation, vascular tumors, carotid atherosclerosis, dissection, or tortuosity; Paget disease

Neurologic: palatal myoclonus, idiopathic stapedial or tensor tympani muscle spasm