Population	Asymptomatic adults without diagnosed CKD
Recommendation	No recommendation
	Grade: I (insufficient evidence)
Risk assessment	There is no generally accepted risk assessment tool for CKD or risk of complications of CKD. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are well-established risk factors with strong links to CKD. Other risk factors for CKD include older age, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and family history.
Screening tests	Although there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening, the tests often suggested for screening that are feasible in primary care include testing the urine for protein (microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria) and testing the blood for serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate.
Balance of harms and benefits	The USPSTF could not determine the balance between the benefits and harms of screening for CKD in asymptomatic adults.
Other relevant USPSTF recommendations	The USPSTF has made recommendations on screening for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, as well as aspirin use for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. These recommendations are available at http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org.