Excessive alcohol intake (> 4 drinks per day for men; > 2 drinks per day for women), caffeine intake (> 2.5 units [e.g., cups of coffee] per day), and tobacco use (any smoking)

Family history of osteoporotic fracture

Gonadal hormone deficiency

Immobilization and inadequate activity

Increasing age

Low body weight (< 58 kg [128 lb])

Low calcium or vitamin D intake

Low level of physical activity

Personal history of fracture

Smoking

White or Asian race