Physical examination finding	Possible underlying condition
Abdominal mass	Neuroblastoma, psoas abscess
Abdominal tenderness	Acute abdomen
Asymmetrical gluteal and thigh skinfolds	Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Calf hypertrophy	Muscular dystrophy
Conjunctivitis, enthesitis, oligoarthritis, urethritis	Reactive arthritis
Erythema chronicum migrans	Lyme disease
Erythema marginatum	Rheumatic fever
Hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly	Malignancy, rheumatologic disorder
Hip joint in a flexed, abducted, and externally rotated position	Hip joint effusion (the joint has maximal intracapsular space when flexed, abducted, and externally rotated; a child with hip effusion attempts to keep the hip in this position to maximize joint volume and minimize pain); septic arthritis
Joint swelling	Hemophilia, inflammatory arthritis, reactive arthritis, septic arthritis
Localized bony tenderness	Fracture, malignancy, osteomyelitis
Loss of abduction in the hip	Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Loss of internal rotation in the hip	Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, intra-articular hip pathology
Malar rash	Systemic lupus erythematosus
Muscular atrophy	Disuse muscular atrophy, neurologic disorder
Neck pain and stiffness, Brudzinski sign, Kernig sign	Meningitis
Obesity	Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Obligate external rotation when the hip is flexed	Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Overlying warmth or redness	Inflammatory arthritis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis
Painless nonpruritic maculopapular or vesicular skin rash, polyarthritis, tenosynovitis	Gonococcal arthritis
Palpable bony mass	Malignancy
Positive Galeazzi sign (Figure 5)	Leg-length discrepancy
Positive Patrick (FABER) test (eFigure A)	Sacroiliac joint pathology
Positive pelvic compression test	Sacroiliac joint pathology
Positive psoas sign	Appendicitis, psoas abscess
Positive Trendelenburg test	Developmental dysplasia of the hip, weak hip abductors
Refusal to bear weight, painful and limited joint range of motion in all directions; toxic appearance	Septic arthritis