Predisposing factors

Age

Easy arousability

Female sex

Living alone

Psychological disorders (anxiety, depression, substance abuse)

Smoking

Precipitating factors

Alcoholism

Chronic pain

Comorbid conditions (diabetes mellitus, pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, thyroid disease, heart failure)

Divorce, separation, widowhood

Lower socioeconomic status

Shift work

Snoring

Stressful life events

Substance abuse

Unemployment

Perpetuating factors

Behavioral issues (excessive time spent in bed, napping, chronic medication use)

Psychological issues (worry about sleep loss)