Organ system	Prevalence (% of patients)	Clinical manifestations	Diagnostic workup
Mediastinal lymph nodes	95 to 98	Hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy	Chest radiography, chest CT, endoscopic ultrasonography with needle aspiration (endobronchial or esophageal), gallium scan, 18F-FDG PET (in select patients)
Lungs	> 90	Cough, dyspnea	Chest radiography, chest CT (may be necessary)
		Hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy	Chest radiography, chest CT, endoscopic ultrasonography with needle aspiration (endobronchial or esophageal), gallium scan, 18F-FDG PET (in select patients)
		Pulmonary hypertension	Brain natriuretic peptide, six-minute walk test, echocardiography, right heart catheterization
		Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary fibrosis	Chest radiography, chest CT, bronchoscopy, surgical lung biopsy (if needed)
Liver	50 to 80	Mostly asymptomatic, mild elevation in liver function tests	Liver biopsy if significant laboratory abnormalities
Spleen	40 to 80	Splenomegaly, rarely pain or cytopenias	Abdominal ultrasonography and abdominal CT
Eyes	20 to 50	Uveitis, retinal vascular changes, conjunctival nodules, lacrimal gland enlargement	Ophthalmologic evaluation, lacrimal gland biopsy (if necessary), gallium scan (in select patients)
Musculoskeletal	25 to 39	Proximal muscle weakness, myalgias, intramuscular nodules	Creatine kinase, MRI, 18F-FDG PET, possible muscle biopsy
Peripheral lymphadenopathy	30	Peripheral lymph nodes, most commonly cervical and supraclavicular nodes	Biopsy of most accessible and safest site, if needed to clarify diagnosis
Hematologic	4 to 40	Anemia, leukopenia	Complete blood count with differential, bone marrow biopsy in select patients
Skin	25	Papules, nodules, plaques, erythema nodosum, lupus pernio	Skin biopsy as needed, except for erythema nodosum and lupus pernio, which can usually be diagnosed clinically
Nervous system	10	Cranial nerve palsies	Brain MRI
		Optic neuritis	Ophthalmologic evaluation
		Hypopituitarism	Hormonal studies
		Cognitive dysfunction	Brain MRI, cerebrospinal fluid studies
		Small fiber neuropathy	Electromyography, nerve conduction studies
Heart	5	Conduction abnormalities, arrhythmias (including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation), congestive heart failure, sudden death	Electrocardiography, echocardiography, Holter monitoring (depending on symptoms), cardiac MRI, 18F-FDG PET, thallium scan (in select patients)
Hypercalcemia	2 to 10	Nephrocalcinosis, renal stones, and renal failure	Biopsies, renal ultrasonography and CT urography
Parotid glands	< 6	Isolated or associated with Heerfordt syndrome (uveoparotid fever)	Biopsy, gallium scan (in select patients)