| Anticholinergics, long acting |
| Aclidinium (Tudorza Pressair) | One puff two times per day (DPI) | Anaphylaxis, angle-closure glaucoma, hypersensitivity reaction, paradoxical bronchospasm | — | NA ($315) |
| Tiotropium (Spiriva) | One puff per day (DPI) | Anaphylaxis, angle-closure glaucoma, hypersensitivity reaction, paradoxical bronchospasm | — | NA ($350) |
| Anticholinergic, short acting |
| Ipratropium (Atrovent) | Two sprays four times per day (MDI) | Anaphylaxis, angle-closure glaucoma, hypersensitivity reaction, paradoxical bronchospasm | — | $16 ($130) |
| Beta2 agonists, long acting |
| Arformoterol (Brovana) | One vial two times per day (nebulizer) | Anaphylaxis, angina, arrhythmia, asthma exacerbation, asthma-related death, cardiac arrest, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypotension, paradoxical bronchospasm | Boxed warning for asthma-related death | NA ($860) |
| Formoterol | One puff two times per day (DPI) | Anaphylaxis, angina, arrhythmia, asthma exacerbation, asthma-related death, cardiac arrest, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypotension, paradoxical bronchospasm | Boxed warning for asthma-related death | NA ($255) |
| Indacaterol (Arcapta Neohaler) | One puff per day (DPI) | Angina, arrhythmia, asthma exacerbation, asthma-related death, cardiac arrest, COPD exacerbation, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, paradoxical bronchospasm, pneumonia | Boxed warning for asthma-related death | NA ($225) |
| Salmeterol (Serevent) | One puff every 12 hours (DPI) | Anaphylaxis, angina, arrhythmia, asthma exacerbation, asthma-related death, cardiac arrest, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypotension, laryngospasm, paradoxical bronchospasm | Boxed warning for asthma-related death | NA ($335) |
| Beta2 agonists, short acting |
| Albuterol, extended release | 2 to 4 mg orally, two or three times per day | Angina, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypotension, paradoxical bronchospasm | Also available as liquid (2 mg per 5 mL) | $20 to $65 |
| Levalbuterol (Xopenex) | 0.63 to 1.25 mg every six to eight hours as needed (nebulizer) | Anaphylaxis, angina, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypotension, paradoxical bronchospasm | — | $40 ($225) |
| Combination anticholinergic and long-acting beta2 agonist |
| Tiotropoium/olodaterol (Stiolto Respimat) | Two puffs per day (MDI) | Angina, arrhythmia, asthma-related death, cardiac arrest, glaucoma, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, lung cancer, paradoxical bronchospasm | Boxed warning for asthma-related death | NA ($325) |
| Umeclidinium/vilanterol (Anoro Ellipta) | One puff per day (DPI) | Anaphylaxis, angina, arrhythmia, asthma-related death, cardiac arrest, glaucoma, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypotension, paradoxical bronchospasm | Boxed warning for asthma-related death | NA ($320) |
| Combination corticosteriod and long-acting beta2 agonist |
| Budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort) | Two puffs two times per day (MDI) | Adrenal suppression, anaphylaxis, asthma exacerbation, asthma-related death, behavioral disturbance (in children), cataracts, glaucoma, growth suppression (in children), hypercorticism, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypotension, osteoporosis, paradoxical bronchospasm, pneumonia | Boxed warning for asthma-related death | NA ($300) |
| Fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair Diskus) | One puff every 12 hours (DPI) | Adrenal suppression, anaphylaxis, asthma exacerbation, asthma-related death, behavioral disturbance (in children), cataracts, Churg-Strauss syndrome, glaucoma, growth suppression (in children), hypercorticism, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypotension, laryngospasm, paradoxical bronchospasm, pneumonia, | Boxed warning for asthma-related death | NA ($285 to $455, depending on dosage) |
| Fluticasone/vilanterol (Breo Ellipta) | One puff per day (DPI) | Adrenal suppression, anaphylaxis, angina, arrhythmia, asthma-related death, cardiac arrest, cataracts, fractures, glaucoma, growth suppression (in children), hypercorticism, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypotension, paradoxical bronchospasm, pneumonia | Boxed warning for asthma-related death | NA ($315) |
| Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor |
| Roflumilast (Daliresp) | 500 mcg orally, once per day | Hypersensitivity reaction, pancreatitis, renal failure, severe diarrhea, suicidality | — | NA ($310) |
| Methylxanthine |
| Theophylline, extended release | 300 to 600 mg orally per day, in one or two doses | Arrhythmia, exfoliative dermatitis, hypotension, seizures, shock | Requires serum drug level monitoring | $15 to $30, depending on dosage |
