Drug class	Drug	Common effects*	Serious effects†
Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics	Eszopiclone	Somnolence, unpleasant taste in the mouth, headache, dizziness, dry mouth, rash, anxiety, hallucinations, respiratory infection	Central nervous system depressant effects and next-day psychomotor impairment Increased central nervous system effects in older adults Sleep-driving and other complex behaviors while not fully awake Worsening depression or suicidal thoughts Falls and severe injuries because of drowsiness Severe anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions Possible respiratory depression in persons with severe lung disease or sleep apnea Withdrawal symptoms if abrupt dose reduction or discontinuation
	Zolpidem	Somnolence, headache, malaise, vertigo, dizziness, diarrhea
	Zaleplon	Headache, drowsiness, dizziness, paresthesias, difficulty with coordination
Benzodiazepines	Temazepam	Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, nervousness, nausea	Abnormal thinking, behavior changes, complex behaviors (including sleep-driving, hallucinations) Worsening depression or suicidal thoughts in persons with primary depression Severe anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions Possible profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death with concomitant opioid use Possible adverse effects in persons with severe lung disease or sleep apnea
Orexin receptor antagonists	Suvorexant	Somnolence, fatigue, dry mouth	Central nervous system depressant effects and next-day psychomotor impairment Sleep-driving and other complex behaviors while not fully awake Sleep paralysis, hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations, cataplexy-like symptoms Worsening depression or suicidal thoughts Possible respiratory depression in persons with severe lung disease or sleep apnea
Melatonin agonists	Ramelteon	Somnolence, fatigue, headache, dizziness, worsened insomnia, nausea	Potential impairment of activities requiring complete mental alertness after drug ingestion Abnormal thinking, behavior changes, complex behaviors (including sleep-driving, hallucinations) Worsening depression or suicidal thoughts Severe anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions Decreased testosterone and increased prolactin levels Possible adverse effects in persons with severe sleep apnea
Antidepressants	Doxepin	Drowsiness, nausea, upper respiratory tract infection	Central nervous system depressant effects, with impaired alertness and motor coordination that may persist the next day Abnormal thinking, behavior changes, complex behaviors (including sleep-driving, hallucinations) Potential addictive effects when combined with central nervous system depressants or sedating antihistamines Worsening depression or suicidal thoughts Possible respiratory depression in persons with severe lung disease or sleep apnea