Drug | General adult population | Adults 55 years and older | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Global outcomes | Sleep outcomes* | Global outcomes | Sleep outcomes* | |
Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics | ||||
Eszopiclone | May improve ● ○ ○ | Improves sleep onset latency and total sleep time ● ● ○ | May improve ● ○ ○ | May improve some outcomes ● ○ ○ |
May reduce time awake after sleep onset ● ○ ○ | ||||
Zolpidem† | May improve ● ○ ○ | Improves sleep onset latency, total sleep time, and sleep quality ● ● ○ | ○ ○ ○ | May improve sleep onset latency ● ○ ○ |
May reduce time awake after sleep onset ● ○ ○ | ||||
Zolpidem, extended release | May improve ● ○ ○ | May improve some outcomes ● ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ |
Zaleplon | ○ ○ ○ | Improves sleep quality ● ● ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ |
Probably has no effect on total sleep time ● ○ ○ | ||||
Orexin receptor antagonists | ||||
Suvorexant | Improves ● ● ○ | Improves sleep onset latency and total sleep time ● ● ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ |
Reduces time awake after sleep onset ● ● ○ | ||||
Melatonin agonists | ||||
Ramelteon | ○ ○ ○ | May improve sleep quality ● ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ | May improve sleep onset latency ● ○ ○ |
Probably has no effect on other outcomes ● ○ ○ | ||||
Antidepressants | ||||
Doxepin | ○ ○ ○ | May improve some outcomes ● ○ ○ | May improve ● ○ ○ | Improves totalsleep time ● ● ○ May improve other outcomes ● ○ ○ |
Others‡ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ |
Benzodiazepines | ||||
Temazepam | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ |
Others§ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ |
Over-the-counter sleep medications and supplements | ||||
Diphenhydramine, doxylamine, melatonin | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ | ○ ○ ○ |