Symptom	Important accompanying signs and symptoms	Causes
Nausea and vomiting	General: weight loss, dehydration, high-normal or high serum creatinine level, occurring before four weeks (nonobstetric causes) or persisting after 12 weeks estimated gestational age (molar pregnancy)	Nonobstetric or obstetrically aggravated: gastroenteritis, appendicitis, cholecystitis, thyroid disease, kidney stones, gallbladder problems
	Nonobstetric: diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, neck/thyroid pain or enlargement	Obstetric: nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, molar pregnancy, multiple gestation
	Obstetric: vaginal bleeding, large uterus for estimated gestational age, refractory
Abdominal pain	General: nausea and vomiting, epigastric/right upper quadrant pain, weight loss, dehydration, high-normal or high serum creatinine level	Nonobstetric or obstetrically aggravated: gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, cholecystitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, appendicitis, kidney stones, constipation, gastritis
	Nonobstetric: change with eating and drinking, blood in stool or emesis, melena, fever, jaundice	Obstetric: preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, abruption, intrauterine fetal demise, round ligament strain, preterm labor
	Obstetric: headaches, vision changes, low platelet counts, swelling
Cough	General: dyspnea, hypoxemia	Nonobstetric or obstetrically aggravated: acute/chronic asthma, viral upper respiratory tract infection (including influenza), allergic rhinitis, pneumonia, pertussis
Cough	Nonobstetric: wheeze, hemoptysis, fever, myalgia, purulent nasal discharge or sputum	Obstetric: physiologic rhinitis of pregnancy
Rash	General: pustules, vesicles/blisters, erythema, pruritus	Nonobstetric or obstetrically aggravated: acne, eczema, psoriasis, cellulitis/abscess, herpes zoster, human papillomavirus infection, fungal infection, scabies, impetigo, folliculitis
	Nonobstetric: condyloma, scaling, lichenification, ulcers, secondary rash on preexisting condition (e.g., eczema, moles)	Obstetric: physiologic pigment change (melasma, linea nigra), striae gravidarum, PUPPP, intrahepatic cholestasis, pustular psoriasis (impetigo herpetiformis), pemphigoid gestationis, atopic eruption of pregnancy (prurigo of pregnancy)
	Obstetric: pigmented patches/lines, pruritus with or without papules/blisters, spares the umbilicus (PUPPP)
Dysuria	General: dehydration, uterine contractions	Nonobstetric or obstetrically aggravated: cystitis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, pyelonephritis, sexually transmitted urethritis, herpes genitalis, urolithiasis, recurrent urinary tract infection
	Nonobstetric: other urinary symptoms; vulvovaginal discharge, itching, or burning; fever; nausea or vomiting; costovertebral angle tenderness; colicky flank pain; gross hematuria; prior urinary tract infection
	Obstetric: nonspecific (urinary frequency and incontinence common)
Low back pain	General: poor function, deconditioning	Nonobstetric or obstetrically aggravated: musculoskeletal strain, loosening of sacroiliac joint, disc herniation, cauda equina syndrome, sciatic nerve/lumbar plexus pressure, pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, sacroiliitis, joint laxity, herniated nucleus pulposus Obstetric: abruption, intrauterine fetal demise, preterm or term labor
	Nonobstetric Neurologic red flags: saddle anesthesia, urinary retention, rapidly progressive weakness or numbness Urologic red flags: fever, costovertebral angle tenderness, renal colic
	Obstetric: history or evidence of an accident/fall/trauma, vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, change in fetal movement, loss of fluid, uterine tenderness, uterine contractions, urinary tract symptoms
Headache	General: new-onset headache or new headache type, rapidly increasing frequency of headaches	Nonobstetric or obstetrically aggravated: tension or migraine headache, meningitis, sinusitis (viral, allergic, bacterial), subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain tumor
	Nonobstetric: purulent nasal discharge, nausea and vomiting, focal neurologic signs or symptoms, fever, neck pain/stiffness, sudden thunderclap headache	Obstetric: preeclampsia
	Obstetric: visual disturbance (scotomata), proteinuria, hypertension	Obstetric: preeclampsia