Clinical recommendation	Evidence rating	Comments
Isotonic crystalloids are preferred over colloids when fluid resuscitation is indicated in patients with acute kidney injury.7,27,28	C	Consistent evidence from RCTs showing no clear renal or mortality benefit of colloids over isotonic crystalloids
Balanced crystalloids are preferred over 0.9% sodium chloride for fluid resuscitation in critically ill and non–critically ill patients.30–32	B	Evidence from cohort studies and a limited number of RCTs showing improved mortality and decreased need for renal replacement therapy
Pharmacist-led quality improvement initiatives,multimodal educational programs delivered to clinicians, and care bundles may improve acute kidney injury care.34,41,42	B	Evidence from a limited number of cohort studies showing improvements in hospital mortality and acute kidney injury progression
There is no difference in 90-day mortality between early initiation of renal replacement therapy and delayed initiation.38	B	Evidence from a limited number of RCTs
High-dose statins lower the risk of contrast media–induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous intervention compared with low-dose statins.51	A	Consistent evidence from multiple RCTs and meta-analysis