Comorbidities

Cardiovascular disease

Diabetes mellitus

Diuretic use (loop and thiazide)

Elevated triglyceride and cholesterol levels

Hyperuricemia

Menopause

Obesity

Renal disease, including renal insufficiency and chronic kidney disease

Demographic factors

Certain ethnic groups, including indigenous Taiwanese, Pacific Islander, and New Zealand Maori

Living in high-income countries (specifically North America and western Europe)

Male sex (incidence 2 to 6 times higher than in females)

Dietary factors

Alcohol consumption

Diet rich in meat

Diet rich in seafood

Fructose-rich food and drink consumption