Gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophagitis (30% to 40%)

Eosinophilic esophagitis*

Functional dysphagia

Functional esophageal disorders (20% to 30%)†

Functional heartburn

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (nonerosive)

Globus pharyngeus‡

Reflux hypersensitivity

Medications (5%)

Pill esophagitis (direct irritation associated with ascorbic acid, bisphosphonates, ferrous sulfate, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, potassium chloride, quinidine, and tetracyclines)

Reflux caused by decreased tone of lower esophageal sphincter (associated with alcohol, anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, caffeine, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and tricyclic antidepressants)

Structural or mechanical conditions (5%)

Esophageal or peptic stricture (caused by erosive esophagitis)

Foreign body or food impaction (acute-onset dysphagia)

Malignancy (esophageal or gastric cancer, mediastinal mass with extrinsic compression)

Schatzki ring

Esophageal motility disorders (< 5%)§

Absent contractility

Achalasia

Distal esophageal spasm

Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction

Hypercontractile (jackhammer) esophagus

Hypercontractile motility disorders

Opioid-induced esophageal dysfunction¶

Infections (< 5%)

Candida esophagitis

Cytomegalovirus esophagitis

Herpes simplex virus esophagitis

Rheumatologic conditions (< 5%)

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)