Fracture variation	Description	Mechanism of injury	Physical examination	Associated injuries
Monteggia	Ulna fracture with dislocation of the radial head at the radiocapitellar joint	Fall on an outstretched hand, with elbow extended and forearm hyperpronated	Assess radial nerve function, thumb extension	Radial head dislocation is often overlooked; palpate radial head in the antecubital fossa Radial nerve is commonly injured
Galeazzi	Distal to middle third of the radius, with dislocation of the radioulnar joint	Fall on an outstretched hand, with wrist extended and pronated	Assess for wrist deformity, tenderness at the distal radioulnar joint	Widening of the distal radioulnar joint space Ulnar styloid fracture Radius shortening Ulnar dislocation
Colles	Transverse fracture of the distal radius, with dorsal displacement of carpal/distal radius fragment	Fall onto an outstretched hand, with the forearm pronated	Assess for silver fork deformity Assess medial nerve function	—
Smith (reverse Colles)	Transverse fracture of the distal radius, with volar displacement of the carpal/distal radius fragment	Strike to dorsal wrist Cyclists sustain injury from falling over handlebars	Assess for volar displacement	—
Hutchinson (Chauffeur)	Fracture of the radial styloid process; intra-articular	Posterior-directed fall on an outstretched hand, with hand in ulnar deviation	Assess for scaphoid injury	Carpal injuries (scaphoid, lunate)
Barton	Distal radius fracture with associated dislocation/subluxation of the radiocarpal joint (Colles or Smith fracture with dislocation)	Requires significant force to occur: direct blow to the wrist or motorcycle accident	Rule out open fracture or compartment syndrome	—